一、語法大哉問
地點有大小之分嗎?應該說in Taipei還是at Taipei?二者有何不同?
有些老師說:in是較大的範圍,at是較小的範圍,這個說法有誤導之嫌,因為in和at可以用在同一個地點:
Where did you meet?
→ We met in Taipei.
→ We met at Taipei.
二、介系詞的道理
In, at與on都可以接續地點名詞,但他們卻呈現不同的「空間圖像」:
- in表達「範圍之內」,強調「包覆其中」。
- at表達「在定點」,強調「居其位」。
- on表達「在平面上」,強調「接觸點」。
三、延伸用法
介系詞的核心語意大都屬於空間概念,表達固定而明確的空間關係,經過認知轉換,這個空間概念可轉換成時間概念或其他的抽象概念:
- in
空間概念:指「範圍之內」(in a boundary),蘊含「容器」的圖像,例如in a container/ in a box/ in a room。時間概念:表示「在時間範圍內」,如in 5 minutes是指五分鐘「之內」。抽象領域:代表「涵蓋於內」的意思,in love是指沈浸在love「之內」。 - at
空間概念:代表「位於某定點」,如同衛星導航裡「明確的地標」,例如at a bus stop/at a store/at the entrance.時間概念:表示「時間定點」,例如at 1 pm/at 5:30/at noon。抽象概念:意指能力的「定位」,例如He is good at math; 或是某種「標的」,例如The ad targets at teenagers. - on
空間概念:有「表面的接觸」的意思,象徵「平面」的圖像,例如on a surface/ on a table/ on a street。時間概念:表示「時間的接觸面」,有「在某日上」的涵意,提供一個可以置放事件的接觸面,例如on Monday, on Monday morning, on May 17th。抽象概念:意指某個「層面」,例如研究主題The paper is on history.;花費方面Spending money on books.
四、例句解說
將in, at, on三個介係詞放在一個小故事裡來作對照,會更加清楚:
老公「在一間精品店」買了只鑽戒,小心翼翼地把鑽戒放「在小盒子裡面」,然後見到老婆時,溫柔地交「在她的手上」:
The husband bought the ring at a fancy store. → at a spot
He carefully put the ring in a small box. → in a boundary
Seeing his wife, he tenderly placed the ring on her hand. → on a surface
【多益模擬試題】
根據以上的解說,你覺得空格裡該填什麼介系詞?
Uluru is a large sandstone rock formation ___ central Australia. Uluru is situated 863 meters above sea level, and it is notable for appearing to change colour ___ different times of the day and year, most notably glowing red ___ dawn and sunset. Temperature extremes in the area have been recorded ___ 46 °C ___ the summertime and −5 °C during winter nights.
The area was open to public visitation ___ 8 October 2009. When people arrive ___ Uluru, they wish to climb it because of the amazing views. However, the local aboriginal people do not like people climbing ___ the rock as it is seen as a holy place.
解答:
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文/劉美君